Variations in the AGT gene have an impact on athletic performance in areas of power and strength as well as sports that involve speed. The gene is associated with vasoconstriction and controlling blood pressure. The three genotypes vary in their impact. The CC genotype produces better than average improvement with training in strength, speed and power. The CT genotype has a lower effect than the CC genotype but is still associated with power and endurance. The TT genotype is not found to have a differential impact on power or endurance. These genetic variants are also known to impact high blood pressure and the heart structure. Those with CC are more likely to have high blood pressure and left ventricular hypertrophy than the CT or TT types. Those with TT who perform regular exercise are reported to have better long-term outcomes for age-related blood pressure.

The APOA2 gene produces a protein that is part of high-density lipoprotein. This is considered “good” cholesterol. However, the genotype shows different responses to the amount of saturated fat in the diet and obesity. Excess weight is an added injury risk factor as it can compromise and limit the athlete’s movements when participating in a dynamic athletic activity.The CC genotype is found to have significantly higher BMI’s when saturated fat levels in the diet are high. This suggests that lowering saturated fat intake can have a positive effect on controlling weight. The CT and TT genotypes have not been found to have any relationship between the amount of saturated fat in their diet and BMI.

The C-reactive protein is an acute phase protein that rises in response to inflammation. High CRP levels are associated with low VO2 max. VO2 max is the maximal oxygen consumption in the body. It refers to the maximum amount of oxygen than an individual can utilize during intense, high energy exercise. Exercise experts consider the VO2 max to be the best indicator of cardiovascular fitness and aerobic endurance. Thus, one overall fitness outcome is that diet and physical activity can reduce CRP levels, which in turn would increase VO2 max. However, it is known that intense exercise can cause short term local increases in CRP, which lowers VO2 max. C-Reactive Protein levels are stimulated by another gene, the InterLeukin-6 (IL-6). Which is why blood tests often use CRP levels as an inflammation marker. The AA genotype is associated with lower levels of CRP, which in turn is associated with better VO2 max response to training. This means that even after hard training sessions, the inflammation levels will be lower. Which translates to quicker recovery times. The AG genotype experiences Intermediate CRP levels. Which means there will still be some VO2 max response benefits in training. The AG genotype can experience moderately increased inflammation levels after strenuous exercise. Which indicates a longer rest period between training sessions would be needed when compared to what the AA person can do. The GG genotype has high CRP levels. This means the person may experience greater inflammation after strenuous exercise. For the GG genotype, longer rest periods between training sessions would be beneficial compared to the rest period used by the AA genotype person.

The COL1A1 gene is associated with vasodilation, blood pressure control, muscular contraction efficiency, and cell hydration. Genetic differences impact how the body responds to endurance training. The TT genotype has a positive response to endurance training. This means the person has increased muscle efficiency, especially when the ACE I-allele is present. Endurance athletes have the highest frequency of the TT genotype. The CT heterozygous genotype has a good response to endurance based training, but not as good as the TT genotype response. There is muscular efficiency and cell hydration is still positive. The CC genotype has the lowest response to endurance training of the three types. A key point is to be sufficiently hydrated during endurance activities.

The Beta (5)-adrenergic receptors are important elements in energy metabolism. Their role is to regulate how fat is broken down. This is called lipolysis. In addition, they regulate how heat is generated by the body. They do this by using fat for energy, called thermogenesisThe rs1042713 variant changes a single amino acid in the protein used in energy metabolism. The single amino acid change replaces tryptophan (Trp) with Arginine (Arg). There are three genotypes: CC (Arg-Arg), CT (Arg-Trp), and TT (Trp-Trp). This Arginine variant has lower activity in the fat breakdown process. Lower fat breakdown means more fat is retained in the body. Which translates into greater challenges in losing weight. Some research studies found that conventional weight loss diets and exercise programs are less successful in people with the rs1042713 Arg variant. An additional weight loss challenge is that the person tends to experience more rapid weight gain after dieting. Taken as a whole, those with the Arg variant tend to have higher BMI than those with the Trp variant.

Variations in the AGT gene have an impact on athletic performance in areas of power and strength as well as sports that involve speed. The gene is associated with vasoconstriction and controlling blood pressure. The three genotypes vary in their impact. The CC genotype produces better than average improvement with training in strength, speed and power. The CT genotype has a lower effect than the CC genotype but is still associated with power and endurance. The TT genotype is not found to have a differential impact on power or endurance. These genetic variants are also known to impact high blood pressure and the heart structure. Those with CC are more likely to have high blood pressure and left ventricular hypertrophy than the CT or TT types. Those with TT who perform regular exercise are reported to have better long-term outcomes for age-related blood pressure.

The APOA2 gene produces a protein that is part of high-density lipoprotein. This is considered “good” cholesterol. However, the genotype shows different responses to the amount of saturated fat in the diet and obesity. Excess weight is an added injury risk factor as it can compromise and limit the athlete’s movements when participating in a dynamic athletic activity.The CC genotype is found to have significantly higher BMI’s when saturated fat levels in the diet are high. This suggests that lowering saturated fat intake can have a positive effect on controlling weight. The CT and TT genotypes have not been found to have any relationship between the amount of saturated fat in their diet and BMI.

The C-reactive protein is an acute phase protein that rises in response to inflammation. High CRP levels are associated with low VO2 max. VO2 max is the maximal oxygen consumption in the body. It refers to the maximum amount of oxygen than an individual can utilize during intense, high energy exercise. Exercise experts consider the VO2 max to be the best indicator of cardiovascular fitness and aerobic endurance. Thus, one overall fitness outcome is that diet and physical activity can reduce CRP levels, which in turn would increase VO2 max. However, it is known that intense exercise can cause short term local increases in CRP, which lowers VO2 max. C-Reactive Protein levels are stimulated by another gene, the InterLeukin-6 (IL-6). Which is why blood tests often use CRP levels as an inflammation marker. The AA genotype is associated with lower levels of CRP, which in turn is associated with better VO2 max response to training. This means that even after hard training sessions, the inflammation levels will be lower. Which translates to quicker recovery times. The AG genotype experiences Intermediate CRP levels. Which means there will still be some VO2 max response benefits in training. The AG genotype can experience moderately increased inflammation levels after strenuous exercise. Which indicates a longer rest period between training sessions would be needed when compared to what the AA person can do. The GG genotype has high CRP levels. This means the person may experience greater inflammation after strenuous exercise. For the GG genotype, longer rest periods between training sessions would be beneficial compared to the rest period used by the AA genotype person.

The COL1A1 gene is associated with vasodilation, blood pressure control, muscular contraction efficiency, and cell hydration. Genetic differences impact how the body responds to endurance training. The TT genotype has a positive response to endurance training. This means the person has increased muscle efficiency, especially when the ACE I-allele is present. Endurance athletes have the highest frequency of the TT genotype. The CT heterozygous genotype has a good response to endurance based training, but not as good as the TT genotype response. There is muscular efficiency and cell hydration is still positive. The CC genotype has the lowest response to endurance training of the three types. A key point is to be sufficiently hydrated during endurance activities.